"Broadly speaking, critical thinking is concerned with reason, intellectual honesty, and open-mindedness, as opposed to emotionalism, intellectual laziness, and closed-mindedness. Thus, critical thinking involves: following evidence where it leads; considering all possibilities; relying on reason rather than emotion; being precise; considering a variety of possible viewpoints and explanations; weighing the effects of motives and biases; being concerned more with finding the truth than with being right; not rejecting unpopular views out of hand; being aware of one's own prejudices and biases, and not allowing them to sway one's judgment." Kurland, Daniel J. I Know What It Says . . . What does it Mean? 1995.

Critical thinking is "the art of thinking about your thinking while you are thinking in order to make your thinking better: more clear, more accurate, or more defensible."

Paul, Binker, Adamson, and Martin (1989)

Attributes of a critical thinker:

· asks pertinent questions

· assesses statements and arguments

· is able to admit a lack of understanding or information

· has a sense of curiosity

· is interested in finding new solutions

· is able to clearly define a set of criteria for analyzing ideas

· is willing to examine beliefs, assumptions, and opinions and weigh them against facts

· listens carefully to others and is able to give feedback

· sees that critical thinking is a lifelong process of self-assessment

· suspends judgment until all facts have been gathered and considered

· looks for evidence to support assumption and beliefs

· are able to adjust opinions when new facts are found

· looks for proof

· examines problems closely

· are able to reject information that is incorrect or irrelevant

Ferrett, S. Peak Performance (1997).

Critical thinking is best understood as the ability of thinkers to take charge of their own thinking. This requires that they develop sound criteria and standards for analyzing and assessing their own thinking and routinely use those criteria and standards to improve its quality."

Elder, L. and Paul, R. "Critical Thinking: Why we must transform our teaching." Journal of Developmental Education 18:1, Fall 1994, 34-35.

"The purpose of critical thinking is, therefore, to achieve understanding, evaluate view points, and solve problems. Since all three areas involve the asking of questions, we can say that critical thinking is the questioning or inquiry we engage in when we seek to understand, evaluate, or resolve."

Maiorana, Victor P. Critical Thinking Across the Curriculum: Building the Analytical Classroom. 1992.

Critical thinking is deciding rationally what to or what not to believe."

Norris, Stephen P. "Synthesis of Research on Critical Thinking. Educational Leadership, v 42 n 8 May 1985. 40-45.

"Too often we enjoy the comfort of opinion without the discomfort of thought."

Jfk

What is Critical Thinking?

No one always acts purely objectively and rationally. We connive for selfish interests.  We gossip, boast, exaggerate, and equivocate. It is "only human" to wish to validate our prior knowledge, to vindicate our prior decisions, or to sustain our earlier beliefs. In the process of satisfying our ego, however, we can often deny ourselves intellectual growth and opportunity. We may not always want to apply critical thinking skills, but we should have those skills available to be employed when needed.

Critical thinking includes a complex combination of skills.  Among the main characteristics are the following:

Rationality

We are thinking critically when we

· rely on reason rather than emotion,

· require evidence, ignore no known evidence, and follow evidence where it leads, and

· are concerned more with finding the best explanation than being right analyzing apparent confusion and asking questions.

Self-awareness

We are thinking critically when we

· weigh the influences of motives and bias, and

· recognize our own assumptions, prejudices, biases, or point of view.

Honesty

We are thinking critically when we recognize emotional impulses, selfish motives, nefarious purposes, or other modes of self-deception.

Open-mindedness

We are thinking critically when we

· evaluate all reasonable inferences

· consider a variety of possible viewpoints or perspectives,

· remain open to alternative interpretations

· accept a new explanation, model, or paradigm because it explains the evidence better, is simpler, or has fewer inconsistencies or covers more data

· accept new priorities in response to a reevaluation of the evidence or reassessment of our real interests, and

· do not reject unpopular views out of hand.

Discipline

We are thinking critically when we

· are precise, meticulous, comprehensive, and exhaustive

· resist manipulation and irrational appeals, and

· avoid snap judgments.

Judgment

We are thinking critically when we

· recognize the relevance and/or merit of alternative assumptions and perspectives

· recognize the extent and weight of evidence

In sum,

· Critical thinkers are by nature skeptical. They approach texts with the same skepticism and suspicion as they approach spoken remarks.

· Critical thinkers are active, not passive.  They ask  questions and analyze. They consciously apply tactics and strategies to uncover meaning or assure their understanding.

· Critical thinkers do not take an egotistical view of the world. They are open to new ideas and perspectives.  They are willing to challenge their beliefs and investigate competing evidence.

Critical thinking enables us to recognize a wide range of subjective analyses of otherwise objective data, and to evaluate how well each analysis might meet our needs. Facts may be facts, but how we interpret them may vary.

By contrast, passive, non-critical thinkers take a simplistic view of the world.

· They see things in black and white, as either-or, rather than recognizing a variety of possible understanding.

· They see questions as yes or no with no subtleties.

· They fail to see linkages and complexities.

· They fail to recognize related elements.

Non-critical thinkers take an egotistical view of the world

· They take their facts as the only relevant ones.

· They take their own perspective as the only sensible one.

· They take their goal as the only valid one.